CURICULUME VITAE Reffita prabandari 1. Personal Name : Reffita Prabandari Place, Date Of Birth : Jakarta, July 11th 1992 Nationality : Indonesia Sex : Female 2. Phone and address Phone Number : 0812-9689-20xx Address : Jalan tegalan 1G No. 3, Palmeriam Matraman , East Jakarta E-Mail/YM : reree.prabandari@yahoo.com 3. Education 1996 - 1998 : Kindergarten Nurul Hikmah 1998 – 2004 : Nurul Hikmah Elementary School 2004 – 2007 : Muhammadiyah 5 Junior High School 2007 – 2010 : Diponegoro 1 High School Dapartment : Language Of Science , literature china 2010 – now : Gunadarma University Dapartment : Economy Of Management 4. Certificate 2009 : Tradisional Music Player Best For Java Karawitan February 14th, 2011 : Seminar Of Enterpreneurship “Make Your Self An Enterpreneur” November 24th, 2011 : Seminar “ Memotivasi Diri Meraih Mimpi” , gunadarma university October 22th, 2012 : Workshop “ Economy Banking Syariah”, gunadarma university

PASSIVE VOICE Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.[1] This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences. Typically, in passive clauses, what would otherwise be expressed by the object (or sometimes another argument) of the verb comes to be expressed by the subject, while what would otherwise be expressed by the subject is either not expressed at all, or is indicated by some adjunct of the clause. Thus transforming an active verb into a passive verb is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizing process"), because it transforms transitive verbs into intransitive verbs.[2] This is not always the case; for example in Japanese a passive-voice construction does not necessarily decrease valence.[3] Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject.[4]The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing figures other than the agent in subject position. This may be done to foreground the patient, recipient, or other thematic role;[4] it may also be useful when the semantic patient is the topic of on-going discussion.[5] The passive voice may also be used to avoid specifying the agent of an action. The passive voice is especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific or technical writing or lab reports, where the actor is not really important but the process or principle being described is of ultimate importance. Instead of writing "I poured 20 cc of acid into the beaker," we would write "Twenty cc of acid is/was poured into the beaker." The passive voice is also useful when describing, say, a mechanical process in which the details of process are much more important than anyone's taking responsibility for the action: "The first coat of primer paint is applied immediately after the acid rinse." We use the passive voice to good effect in a paragraph in which we wish to shift emphasis from what was the object in a first sentence to what becomes the subject in subsequent sentences. The executive committee approved an entirely new policy for dealing with academic suspension and withdrawal. The policy had been written by a subcommittee on student behavior. If students withdraw from course work before suspension can take effect, the policy states, a mark of "IW" . . . . The paragraph is clearly about this new policy so it is appropriate that policy move from being the object in the first sentence to being the subject of the second sentence. The passive voice allows for this transition. Using the Passive Voice Overall the active voice is much more widely used than the passive. It is easier to understand and clearer. The passive voice, however, is used in writing‏‎ much more often than in speech. It can be found in newspapers and magazines or articles, and it is very common in scientific and technical writing. The passive is particularly useful in two situations: drawing attention to the object When it is more important to draw our attention to the person or thing acted upon (i.e. the object) we use the passive voice: • My car was repaired. Here we are not really interested in who repaired my car, the important thing is that it is now working and I can use it. Another example is this: • My car was stolen. Here I am really concerned about the car and that's my main worry so I'm telling you about the car first. hiding the doer But suppose we don't know who did the action. By using the passive voice I can simply ignore the person(s) responsible for the action: • The window was broken. And I don't know who did it. You can often see this kind of construction when a politician wants to hide the truth or someone does not want to admit they made a mistake: Soldiers were sent into Afghanistan early last week. The money was spent on frivolous office decoration. Who ordered the soldiers to go in? Who spent the money? We will probably never know or never be told, but in the meantime the politician is telling us about what has happened, not the person who made it happen. Passive Verb Formation The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let's take a look at the passive forms of "design." Tense Subject Auxiliary Past Participle Singular Plural Present The car/cars is are designed. Present perfect The car/cars has been have been designed. Past The car/cars was were designed. Past perfect The car/cars had been had been designed. Future The car/cars will be will be designed. Future perfect The car/cars will have been will have been designed. Present progressive The car/cars is being are being designed. Past progressive The car/cars was being were being designed. A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed." Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence: Active Professor Villa gave Jorge an A. Passive An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa. Passive Jorge was given an A. Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we cannot say "A new car is had by him." We can say "Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say "Finesse was lacked." Here is a brief list of such verbs*: resemble look like equal agree with mean contain hold comprise lack suit fit become When do I use passive voice? In some sentences, passive voice can be perfectly acceptable. You might use it in the following cases: 1. The actor is unknown: The cave paintings of Lascaux were made in the Upper Old Stone Age. [We don't know who made them.] 2. The actor is irrelevant: An experimental solar power plant will be built in the Australian desert. [We are not interested in who is building it.] 3. You want to be vague about who is responsible: Mistakes were made. [Common in bureaucratic writing!] 4. You are talking about a general truth: Rules are made to be broken. [By whomever, whenever.] 5. You want to emphasize the person or thing acted on. For example, it may be your main topic: Insulin was first discovered in 1921 by researchers at the University of Toronto. It is still the only treatment available for diabetes. 6. You are writing in a scientific genre that traditionally relies on passive voice. Passive voice is often preferred in lab reports and scientific research papers, most notably in the Materials and Methods section: The sodium hydroxide was dissolved in water. This solution was then titrated with hydrochloric acid. In these sentences you can count on your reader to know that you are the one who did the dissolving and the titrating. The passive voice places the emphasis on your experiment rather than on you. Note: Over the past several years, there has been a movement within many science disciplines away from passive voice. Scientists often now prefer active voice in most parts of their published reports, even occasionally using the subject "we" in the Materials and Methods section. Check with your instructor or TA whether you can use the first person "I" or "we" in your lab reports to help avoid the passive. To learn more about the use of passive voice in the sciences, visit our handout on writing in the sciences. When should I avoid passive voice? Passive sentences can get you into trouble in academic writing because they can be vague about who is responsible for the action: Both Othello and Iago desire Desdemona. She is courted. [Who courts Desdemona? Othello? Iago? Both of them?] Academic writing often focuses on differences between the ideas of different researchers, or between your own ideas and those of the researchers you are discussing. Too many passive sentences can create confusion: Research has been done to discredit this theory. [Who did the research? You? Your professor? Another author?] Some students use passive sentences to hide holes in their research: The telephone was invented in the nineteenth century. [I couldn't find out who invented the telephone!] Finally, passive sentences often sound wordy and indirect. They can make the reader work unnecessarily hard. And since they are usually longer than active sentences, passive sentences take up precious room in your paper: Since the car was being driven by Michael at the time of the accident, the damages should be paid for by him. resume : 1. http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/style-and-editing/passive-voice 2. http://www.icaltefl.com/index.php/passive-voice/passive-voice.html?gclid=CPHH9PaonL0CFWZS4goddGQAYw 3. book of basic 3, ILP 4. passive voice and repoted speech