BAB I
PENGANTAR PENDIDIKAN
KEWARGANEGARAAN
A. Latar Belakang Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dan Kompetensi yang Diharapkan
1. Latar Belakang Pendidikan kewarganegaraan
Perjalanan panjang sejarah bangsa Indonesia, yang dimulai sejak era sebelum dan selama penjajahan, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan era perebutan dan mempertahankan kemerdekaan sampai hingga era pengisian kemerdekaan, menimbulkan kondisi dan tuntutan yang berbeda sesuai dengan zamannya.
Semangat perjuangan bangsa yang takenal menyerah tlh terbukti pada perang kemerdekaan 17 agustus 1945. Semangat perjuangan bangsa tersebut di landasi oleh keimanan serta ketakwaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan keikhlasan untuk berkorban. Landasa perjuangan tersebut merupakan nilai-nilai perjuangan bangsa Indonesia.
2. Kompetensi yang Diharapkan dari Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan
• Hakikat Pendidikan
Marsyarakat dan pemerintah suatu negara berupaya untuk menjamin kelangsugan hidup serta kehidupan generasi penerusnya secara berguna dan bermakna.
• Kemampuan Warga Negara
Tujuan utama pendidikan kewarganegaraan adalah untuk menumbukan wawasan dan kesadaran bernegara, sikap serta perilaku yang cinta tanah air dan bersandikan kebudayaan bangsa, wawasan nusantara, serta ketahanan nasional dalam diri para mahasiswa calon serjana/ilmuan warga Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang sedang mengkaji dan akan enguasai iptek dan seni. Kualitas warga negara ditentukan terutama leh kyakinan dan sikap hidup bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara disamping derajat penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang dipelajari.
• Menumbuhkan Wawasan Warga Negara
Kualitas warga negara tergantung terutama pada keyakinan dan pandangan hidup mereka dalam bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara samping pada tingkat serta mutu penguasaannya atas ilmu pengetahuan, tegnologi, dan seni.
• Dasar Pemikiran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan
Rakyat Indonesia, melalui majelis perwakilan (MPR), menyatakan bahwa : Pendidikan Nasional yang berakar pada kebudayaan bangsa Indonesia diarahkan untuk “meningkatan kecerdasan serta harkat dan martabat bangsa, mewujudkan manusia serta masyarakat indonesia yang beriman dan bertakwa terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berkualitas mandiri sehingga mampu membangun dirinya dan masyarakat sekelilingnya serta dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pembangunan nasional dan bertanggung jawab atas pembangunan bangsa”.
• Kopetensi yang Diharapkan
Kompotensi lulsan pendidikan kewarganegaraan adalah seperangkat tindakan cerdas, penuh rasa tanggung jawab dari seorang warga negara dalam berhubungan dengan negara, dan memecahkan berbagai masalah hidup bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara dengan menerapkan kompensasi falsafah bangsa, wawasan nusantara, dan ketahanan nasional.
B. Pemahaman tentang Bangsa, Negara, Hak dan Kewajiban Warga Negara, Hubungan Warga Negara dengan Negara atas dasar Demokrasi, Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM), dan Bela Negara
1. Pengartian dan Pemahaman tentang Bangsa dan Bernegara
Sebelum kita mempelajari tentang bangsa dan negara, kita perlu terlebih dahulu menyepakati pengertian tentag bangsa dan negara. Pengertian dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut :
a. Pengertian Bangsa
Bangsa adalah orang-orang yang memiliki kesamaan asal keturunan, adat, bahasa dan sejarah serta berpemerintahan sendiri.
b. Pengertian dan Pemahaman Negara
• Pengertian Negara
Negara adalah suatu organisasi dari sekelompok atau beberapa kelompok manusia yang bersama-sama mendiami satu wilayah tertentu dan mengakui adanya satu pemerintahan yang mengurus tata tertib serta keselamatan ekelompok atau beberapa kelompok manusia tersebut.
• Teorinya terbentuknya Negara
- Teori hukum alam
- Teori ketuhanan
- Teori perjanjian : Thomas Hobbes
• Unsur Negara
- Bersifat konstitutif : bahwa dalam negara tersebut terdapat wilayah yang meliputi udara, darat, dan perairan, rakyat atau masyarakat, dan pemerintah berdaulat.
- Bersifat deklaratif : dtunjukan bahwa adanya tujuan negara, undang-undang dasar, pengakuan dari negara lain baik secara “ de jure” maupun “ de facto”, dan masuknyanegara dalam perhimpunan bangsa-bangsa, misalnya PBB.
• Bentuk Negara
Sebuah negara dapat berbentuk negara kesatuan dan egara serikat.
2. Negara dan Warga Negara dalam Sistem Kenegaraan di Indonesia
Negara yang dasarnya masyarakatan adanya wilayah, pemerintahan, penduduk sebagai warga negara, dan pengakuan dari negara-negara lain yang sudah dipenuhi oleh Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia ( NKRI ).
3. Proses Bangsa yang Menegara
Proses bangsa yang menegara memberikan gambaran tentang bagaimana terbentuknya bangsa, dimana sekelompok manusia yang berada di dalamnya merasa sebagai bagian namgsa.
4. Pemahaman Hak dan kewajiban Warga Negara
Dalam UUD 1945 Bab X, pasal tentang Warga negara telah di amanatkan pada pasal 26, 27, 28, dan 30, sebagai berikut :
a. Pasal 26, ayat (1) yang menjadi warga negara adalah orang-orang bangsa Indonesia asli dan orang-orang bangsa lain yang disahkan dengan Undang-Undang sebagai warga negara.
b. Pasal 27 ayat (1) segala warga negara bersamaan dengan kedudukannya didalam hukum dan pemerintahan itu dengan tidak ada kecuali.
c. Pasal 28 , kemerdekaan berserikat dan berkumpul, mengeluarkan pikiran dengan isan, dan sebagainya ditetapkan dengan Unang-Undang.
d. Pasal 30 ayat (1), Hak dan Kewajiban Warga Negara untuknikut serta dalam pembelaan negara dan ayat (2) menyatakan peraturan lebih lanjut diatur dengan Undang-Undang.
5. Hubungan Warga Negara dan Negara
- Siapakah warga negara ?
orang-orang bangsa indonesia asli dan orang-orang bangsa lain yang tinggal dan menetap di indonesia.
- Kesamaan kedudukan dalam hukum dan pemerintahan : Pasal 27 ayat (1)
- Hak atas pekerjaan dan penghidupan yang layak bagi kemanusiaan : Pasal 27 ayat (2)
- Kemerdekaan berserikat dan berkumpul : Pasal 28 UUD 1945
- Kemerdekaan memeluk agama : Pasal 28 ayat (1)
- Hak dan kewajiban pembelaan Negara : Pasal 30 ayat (1)
- Hak mendapatkan pengajaran : Pasal 31 ayat(1) dan ayat (2)
- Kebudayaan Nsaional Indonesia : Pasal 32
- Kesejahteraan sosial : Pasal 33 dan 34 UUD 1945
6. Pemahaman tentang Demokrasi
a. Konsep Demokrasi
Demokrasi adalah sebuah bentuk kekuasaan (kratein) dari/ oleh/ untuk rakyat ( demos). Menurut konsep demokrasi, kekuasaan menyeratkan arti politik dan pemerintahan, sedangkan rakyat beserta warga masyarakat didefinisikan sebagai warga negara.
b. Bentuk Demokrasi dalam Pengertian Sistem Pemeintahan Negara
• Ada berbagai bentuk demokrasi dalamm sistem pemerintahan negara, anatra lain :
o Pemerintahan Monarki
o Pemerintahan Republik
• Kekuasaan dalam pemerintah
Kekuasaan pemerintahan dalam negara dipisahkan menjadi tiga cabang kekuasaan yaitu : kekuasaan legislatif, kekuasaan eksekutif, dan kekuasaan federatif. Kekuasaan yudikatif (mengadili) merupakan bagian dari kekuasaan eksekutif).
• Pemahaman Demokrasi di Indonesia
- Dalam sistem kepartaian dikenal adanya tiga sistem kepartaian, yaitu sistem multi partai (polyparty system), sistem dua partai (biparty system) dan sistem satu partai (monoparty system).
- Sistem pengisian jabatan pemegang kekuasaan negara.
- Hubungan antar pemegang kekuasaan negara, terutama antara eksekutif, dan legislatif.
• Prinsip Dasar Pemerintahan Republik Indonesia
• Beberapa Rumusan Pancasila
Ada beberapa rumusan pancasila di buat, rumusan dari Mr. Muhammad yamin, piagam Jakarta, Ir. Soekarno, dan dalam preambule UUD RIS. Pada akhirnya tersusun rumusan Pancasila seperti yang terdapat pada pembukaan UUD 1945, yaitu :
1. Keetuhanan Yang Maha Esa
2. Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradap
3. Kesatuan Indonesia
4. Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmah kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan perwakilan
5. Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.
• Struktur pemerintahanRepublik Indonesa
Bdan Pelksanaan Pemerintah (eksekutif)
o Pembagian berdasarkan kewilayahan dan tingkat pemerintah
o Pembagian bedasarkan tugas dan fungsi
Hal pemerintah pusat
o Organisasi Kabinet di awah Mentri Koordinator (Menko)
o Badan Pelaksana Pemerintahan yang Bukan Dapartemen dan BUMN
o Pola Administrasi dan Manajeen Pemerintahan RI
o Tugas Pokok Pemerintahan Negara RI
o Hal Pemerintahan Wilayah
o Hal Pemerintahan Daerah
c. Pemahaman tentang Demokrasi Indonesia
Demokrasi Indonesia adalah pemerintahan rakyat yang berdasarkan nilai-nilai falsafah Pancasila atau pemerintahan dari , oleh, dan untuk rakyat berdasarkan sila-sila Pancasila.
5. Mahkamah Agung (MA) sebagai lembaga peradilan dan penguji undang-undang disebut Lembaga Yudikatif.
6. Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) sebagai lembaga yang mengaudit keuangan negara disebut lembaga Auditatif.
7. Pemahaman tentang Hak Asasi Manusia
Deklarasi Universal tentang Hak-hak Asasi Manusia merupakan suatu pelaksanakan umum yang baku baki bangsa dan negara.
8. Kerangka Dasar Kehidupan Nasional Meliputi Keterkaitan antara Falsafah Pancasila, UUD 1945, Wawasan Nusantara, dan Ketahanan Nasional
a. Konsepsi Hubungan antara Pancasila dan Bangsa
Sila-sia dalam pancasila menjadi falsafah bagi bangsa Indonesia, artinya bahwa yang menjadi cita-citta dalam setiap upaya melakukan pekerjaan dan kebenaran yang dituju oleh bangsa Indonesia adalah yang tertuang dalam pancasila.
b. Pancasila sebagai Landasan diil Negara
Cita-cita bangsa Indonesia pun kemudian menjadi cita-cita negara karena pancasila merupakan landasan idealisme NKRI. Sila-sila dalam Pancasila yang merupakan kebenaran yang hakiki perlu diwujudkan oleh bangsa Indonesia.
9. Landasan Hubungan UUD 1945 dan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia
a. Pancasila sebagai idiologi Negara
Negara mempunyai cita-cita, yaitu kebenaran hakiki yang terdapat dalam sila-sila pancasila. Pancasila sebagai kebenaran hakiki dan harus diperjuangkan oleh negara harus menjadi muatan dalam UUD bukan UUD 1945.
b. UUD 1945 sebagai landasan konstitusi
c. Implementasi Konspsi UUD 1945 sebagai Landasan Konstitusi
d. Konsepsi pertama tentang pancasila sebagai cita-cita dan idiologi negara
e. Konsepsi UUD 1945 dalam mewadahi perbedaan pendapat dalam kemasyarakatan Indonesia
f. Konsepsi UUD 1945 dalam infrakstruktur politik
10. Perkembangan Pendidikan Pendahuluan Bela Negara
Situasi NKRI Terbagi Periode-periode : yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan sejarah perkembangan pendidikan pendahuluan bela negara.
Pada Periode Lama Bentuk Ancaman yang dihadapi adalah Ancaman Fisik : yang datangnya dari dalam maupun dari luar, langsung maupun tidak langsung, menumbuhkan pemikiran mengenai cara menghadapinya
Periode Order Baru dan Periode Reformasi : ancaman yang dihadapi dalam periode-periode ini berupa tantangan non fisik dan gejolak sosial.
BAB II
WAWASAN NUSANTTARA
A. Wawasan Nasional Satu Bangsa
Wawasan nasional adalah cara pandang satu bangsa yang telah menegara tentang diri dan lingkunganna dalam eksistensinya yang serba terhubung (melalui interaksi dan interrelasi) dan dalam pembangunannya di lingkungan nasional (termasuk lokal dan propinisional), regional, serta global.
Dalam mewujudkan aspirasi dan perjuangan, satu bangsa perlu memperhatikan tiga fakto utama :
- Bumi atau ruang dimana bangsa itu hidup
- Jiwa, tekad. Dan semangat manusianya atau rakyatnya
- Lingkungan sektarnya
B. Teori-Teori Kekuasaan
Beberapa teori paham kekuasaan dan geopolitik diurai sebagai berikut :
- Paham-paham Kekuasaan
Perumusan wawasan nasional lahir berdasarkan pertimbangan dan pemikiran mengenai sejauhmana konsep opresionalnya dapat di wujudkan dan diertanggung jawabkan. Karna itu dibutuhkan landasan teori yang dapat mendukung rumusan Wawasan Nasional. Teori-teori yang dapat mendukung rumusan trsebut, yaitu :
Paham Machiavelli (abad XVII )
Paham Kaisar Napoleon Bonaparte (abad XVIII )
Paham Jendral Clausewitz (abad XVIII )
Paham Feuerbacg dan Hagel
Paham Lenin ( abad XIX )
Paham Lucian W. Pye dan Sindney
- Teori-Teori Geopolitik
Geopolitik berasal dari kata “geo” atau bumi dan politik yang berarti kekuatan yang didasarkan pada prtimbangan-pertimbangan dasar dalam menentukan alternatif kebijakan nasional untuk mewujudkan tujuan nasional. Berikut pakar-pakar geopolitik antara lain sebagai berikut :
Pandangan Ajaran Frederich Ratzel, merumuskan :
Dalam hal tertentu pertumbuhan
Negara identik dengan suatu ruang yang ditempati
Suatu bangsa dalam mempertahankan kelangsungan hidupnya
Semakin tinggi budaya satu bangsa
Pandangan Ajaran Rudolf Kjellen
Negara merupakan satuan biologis
Negara merupakan suatu sistem politik pemerintah
Negara tidak harus bertanggung jawab pada sumber pembekalan
Pandangan ajaran Karl Haushofer
Kekuasaan imperium daratan yang kompak
Beberapa negara besar didunia akan timbul dan akan menguasai
Rumusan ajaran Haushofer lainnya adalah : geopolitik adalah doktorin negra yang menitikberatkan soal-soal strategi perbatasa.
Pandangan ajaran Sir Halford Mackinder
Pandanga Ajaran Sir Walter Releigh dan Alfred Thyer Maham
Kedua ahli ini mempunyai gagasan “ Wawasan Bahari “ yaaitu kekuatan di laut.
Pandangan Ajaran W. Mitcher, A saversky, Giulio Douhet, dan John Frederik Charles Fuller
Mereka melahirkan teori “Wawasan Dirgantar” yaitu konsep kekuatan di udara.
Ajaran Nicholas J. Spykman
Menghasilkanteori yang dinamika Teori Daerah Batas, yaitu teori wawasan kombinasi yang menggabungkan kekuatan darat, laut, dan udara.
Sabtu, 24 Maret 2012
Rabu, 11 Mei 2011
Traditional Indonesian Music
Gamelan orchestra
Gamelan music is the most popular and important kind in Indonesia. Gamelan orchestras accompany all dances and dramas. Gamel means 'to hammer', and most of the instruments of a gamelan orchestra are struck with wooden mallets, padded sticks or hammers.The conductor of a gamelan orchestra is a drummer who is part of the orchestra.
Instruments of a gamelan orchestra
A complete orchestra could have about 40 or more different instruments. There would be instruments that are struck to produce sound, such as kettledrums, xylophones, and gongs of various sizes. There would be a wind instrument, a bamboo flute called a suling, and string instruments such as a zither or lute. There would be instruments whose sounds are produced by vibration, such as drums, bells, cymbals and gongs.
There are also two sets of instruments that are tonal: the slendro tuned to five tones and the pelog, tuned to seven tones. The slendro is used to suggest festivity or cheerfulness, and is believed to have developed in Java in the eighth century. The pelog is used to express sadness, and is also very ancient in its origins. These two cannot be played together, but are used according to the mood of the piece being played.
Gamelan music
Gamelan music is complicated. It is an ancient form of music and has been handed down for many generations, never written down, but learned by being played. Gamelan is an essential part of Indonesian life. It is slightly different from island to island.
Angklung music
Another popular form of orchestral music is the angklung, which is played on instruments made entirely of bamboo of different lengths. Each instrument is made up of two bamboo tubes, each of a different note. The instruments are shaken to produce sound.
Gamelan music is the most popular and important kind in Indonesia. Gamelan orchestras accompany all dances and dramas. Gamel means 'to hammer', and most of the instruments of a gamelan orchestra are struck with wooden mallets, padded sticks or hammers.The conductor of a gamelan orchestra is a drummer who is part of the orchestra.
Instruments of a gamelan orchestra
A complete orchestra could have about 40 or more different instruments. There would be instruments that are struck to produce sound, such as kettledrums, xylophones, and gongs of various sizes. There would be a wind instrument, a bamboo flute called a suling, and string instruments such as a zither or lute. There would be instruments whose sounds are produced by vibration, such as drums, bells, cymbals and gongs.
There are also two sets of instruments that are tonal: the slendro tuned to five tones and the pelog, tuned to seven tones. The slendro is used to suggest festivity or cheerfulness, and is believed to have developed in Java in the eighth century. The pelog is used to express sadness, and is also very ancient in its origins. These two cannot be played together, but are used according to the mood of the piece being played.
Gamelan music
Gamelan music is complicated. It is an ancient form of music and has been handed down for many generations, never written down, but learned by being played. Gamelan is an essential part of Indonesian life. It is slightly different from island to island.
Angklung music
Another popular form of orchestral music is the angklung, which is played on instruments made entirely of bamboo of different lengths. Each instrument is made up of two bamboo tubes, each of a different note. The instruments are shaken to produce sound.
batik and ikat
Batik
Batik making, practiced almost exclusively on Java, involves a complex wax-resistance process in which all parts of a cloth that are not to be dyed are coated on both sides with wax before the cloth is dipped into the dye. Using a penlike wax holder called a canting, it is possible to create intricate and elaborate designs. It is a time-consuming process, and those batik fabrics that are made entirely by hand take several weeks to complete. Much modern batik is made using copper stamps (caps) to apply the wax, thereby greatly speeding up the process and lowering the cost.
Ikat
On woven fabric, which is made everywhere from Sumatra through the eastern islands, the most characteristic element is the key-shaped figure combined with other geometric figures. The rhombus (an equilateral parallelogram usually having oblique angles) frequently occurs together with straight lines, equilateral triangles, squares, or circles, which permits an enormous number of variations, including stylized representations of human beings and animals. Each island or region has its characteristic patterns, which serve to identify the area in which the cloth is made.
The art of weaving is highly developed. It includes the famous ikat method, in which the thread is dyed selectively before weaving by binding fibres around groups of threads so that they will not take up colour when the thread is dipped in the dyebath. This process may be applied to the warp, which is most common and is found in Sumatra, Borneo, and Sumba. Weft ikat is found mainly in south Sumatra, and the complex process of double ikat is still carried on in Tenganan in Bali, where such cloth has great ceremonial significance.
The National Museum in Jakarta has an extensive collection of Indonesian carvings, textiles, and artifacts; in addition, it contains models of traditional houses and villages from various parts of the country. The Jakarta Museum displays historic material of the city. There are a number of other museums throughout the country, the most notable of which are the Radya Pustaka in Surakarta (Solo, or Sala) in central Java, the Museum Bali in Denpasar, and the Ratna Warta Fine Arts Museum in Ubud in Bali. The Presidential Palace in Bogor, which has a fine collection of Indonesian art, is located adjacent to the Botanical Gardens.
Batik making, practiced almost exclusively on Java, involves a complex wax-resistance process in which all parts of a cloth that are not to be dyed are coated on both sides with wax before the cloth is dipped into the dye. Using a penlike wax holder called a canting, it is possible to create intricate and elaborate designs. It is a time-consuming process, and those batik fabrics that are made entirely by hand take several weeks to complete. Much modern batik is made using copper stamps (caps) to apply the wax, thereby greatly speeding up the process and lowering the cost.
Ikat
On woven fabric, which is made everywhere from Sumatra through the eastern islands, the most characteristic element is the key-shaped figure combined with other geometric figures. The rhombus (an equilateral parallelogram usually having oblique angles) frequently occurs together with straight lines, equilateral triangles, squares, or circles, which permits an enormous number of variations, including stylized representations of human beings and animals. Each island or region has its characteristic patterns, which serve to identify the area in which the cloth is made.
The art of weaving is highly developed. It includes the famous ikat method, in which the thread is dyed selectively before weaving by binding fibres around groups of threads so that they will not take up colour when the thread is dipped in the dyebath. This process may be applied to the warp, which is most common and is found in Sumatra, Borneo, and Sumba. Weft ikat is found mainly in south Sumatra, and the complex process of double ikat is still carried on in Tenganan in Bali, where such cloth has great ceremonial significance.
The National Museum in Jakarta has an extensive collection of Indonesian carvings, textiles, and artifacts; in addition, it contains models of traditional houses and villages from various parts of the country. The Jakarta Museum displays historic material of the city. There are a number of other museums throughout the country, the most notable of which are the Radya Pustaka in Surakarta (Solo, or Sala) in central Java, the Museum Bali in Denpasar, and the Ratna Warta Fine Arts Museum in Ubud in Bali. The Presidential Palace in Bogor, which has a fine collection of Indonesian art, is located adjacent to the Botanical Gardens.
INDONESIAN FOOD FOR RELIGIOUS AND HOLIDAY CELEBRATIONS
Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, and Hinduism are the five religions officially recognized by the Indonesian government. The vast majority (approximately 87 percent) adheres to Islam, giving Indonesia one of the largest percentages of Muslims in the world.
Islam is the predominant religion throughout the country, maintaining five of the twelve national holidays. Puasa (Ramadan), a month-long observance of fasting and celebration, is the most important time of the year for Muslims. During Puasa , families rise as early as 3 A.M. to consume as much food as possible before
dawn. The fast is broken every day after sunset, when groups come together for a large feast. Lebaran (also called Hari Raya or Eid al-Fitri ) marks the end of Puasa , as well as the return of regular eating habits. Among family and friends, Muslims often prepare ketupat , blocks of rice cooked in coconut or palm leaves. Cake and cookies are served with a seemingly bottomless pot of tea.
Selamatan is a uniquely Indonesian tradition. The custom of praying to a God before a significant event (such as marriage or building a new house) is still practiced by most. Following the prayer (and at the kickoff of most major events throughout the country), tumpeng , a cone-shaped mountain of steamed yellow rice, is sliced at the top and served.
Hari Raya Nyepi , the Hindu New Year (also known as the Hindu Day of Silence), is most elaborately celebrated on Bali, home to the greatest Indonesian Hindu population. On New Year's Eve, food is prepared for the following day (particularly homemade pastries and sweetmeats) when Hindus refrain from all activities, including food preparation. Streets are deserted and tourists are often not allowed to leave their hotel.
Secular (nonreligious) holidays offer more reasons to indulge in celebratory feasts. The most popular is Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan (Independence Day), celebrating Indonesia's independence from Holland on August 17, 1945. One of the most spirited observances takes place in Jakarta, Indonesia's capital. The city and its citizens prepare for the festivities several weeks ahead of time. Money is raised for contests such as the krupuk udang (shrimp crackers)eating children's contests and the women's baking contest, which is usually an attempt to make the largest tumpeng .
The memory of Raden Kartini, Indonesia's first woman emancipationist, is celebrated every April 21. In her honor, traditional family roles are reversed on this day, leaving the responsibility of cooking and housecleaning to fathers and children.
A Typical Independence Day Menu
Gado-gado , steamed vegetables in peanut sauce
Sate , marinated meat or fish kebabs
Roti , Indonesian sweet bread
Nasi tumpeng , ceremonial cone-shaped steamed yellow rice ( nasi kuning )
Krupuk udang , shrimp-flavored cracker snacks
Pisang goreng , fried banana cakes
The halia , hot ginger tea
Islam is the predominant religion throughout the country, maintaining five of the twelve national holidays. Puasa (Ramadan), a month-long observance of fasting and celebration, is the most important time of the year for Muslims. During Puasa , families rise as early as 3 A.M. to consume as much food as possible before
dawn. The fast is broken every day after sunset, when groups come together for a large feast. Lebaran (also called Hari Raya or Eid al-Fitri ) marks the end of Puasa , as well as the return of regular eating habits. Among family and friends, Muslims often prepare ketupat , blocks of rice cooked in coconut or palm leaves. Cake and cookies are served with a seemingly bottomless pot of tea.
Selamatan is a uniquely Indonesian tradition. The custom of praying to a God before a significant event (such as marriage or building a new house) is still practiced by most. Following the prayer (and at the kickoff of most major events throughout the country), tumpeng , a cone-shaped mountain of steamed yellow rice, is sliced at the top and served.
Hari Raya Nyepi , the Hindu New Year (also known as the Hindu Day of Silence), is most elaborately celebrated on Bali, home to the greatest Indonesian Hindu population. On New Year's Eve, food is prepared for the following day (particularly homemade pastries and sweetmeats) when Hindus refrain from all activities, including food preparation. Streets are deserted and tourists are often not allowed to leave their hotel.
Secular (nonreligious) holidays offer more reasons to indulge in celebratory feasts. The most popular is Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan (Independence Day), celebrating Indonesia's independence from Holland on August 17, 1945. One of the most spirited observances takes place in Jakarta, Indonesia's capital. The city and its citizens prepare for the festivities several weeks ahead of time. Money is raised for contests such as the krupuk udang (shrimp crackers)eating children's contests and the women's baking contest, which is usually an attempt to make the largest tumpeng .
The memory of Raden Kartini, Indonesia's first woman emancipationist, is celebrated every April 21. In her honor, traditional family roles are reversed on this day, leaving the responsibility of cooking and housecleaning to fathers and children.
A Typical Independence Day Menu
Gado-gado , steamed vegetables in peanut sauce
Sate , marinated meat or fish kebabs
Roti , Indonesian sweet bread
Nasi tumpeng , ceremonial cone-shaped steamed yellow rice ( nasi kuning )
Krupuk udang , shrimp-flavored cracker snacks
Pisang goreng , fried banana cakes
The halia , hot ginger tea
Traditional Japanese Food to Eat When We Have a Cold
What do you eat if you feel like you are catching a cold? The most comforting food for people in western countries might be a bowl of chicken soup.
In Japan, negi (green onion) and ginger are said to keep our bodies warm and are often consumed. Here are some traditional Japanese food/drinks we often have when we feel like we are catching a cold.
1. Tamagozake (egg and sake)
Tamago-zake contains Japanese sake (alcohol drink) and eggs, and it keeps the body warm. .
2. O-kayu (rice porridge)
O-kayu is the most common "sick food" in Japan. O-kayu is easy to digest and is easy to eat. Add various ingredients, such as vegetables, egg, and meat, depending on your appetite.
3. Shoga-yu (hot ginger drink)
Mix 2 tsp of grated ginger and 2 tsp of sugar in a cup, and pour 2/3 cup of hot water in the cup. Use fresh ginger root to make shogayu.
4. Negi-miso-yu (hot green onion drink)
Put 2 tsp of miso and 1 Tbsp chopped green onion in a soup cup, and pour 2/3 cup of boiled water in the cup. It's hot, so let it cool for a bit.
5. Tori Zosui
Torizosui is a kind of Japanese rice soup. Usually, leftover steamed rice is simmered in dashi soup. Torizosui is a zosui with chicken.
6. Amazake
Amazake is a thick drink which is traditionally made by allowing a mixture of steamed rice and rice koji to ferment.
In Japan, negi (green onion) and ginger are said to keep our bodies warm and are often consumed. Here are some traditional Japanese food/drinks we often have when we feel like we are catching a cold.
1. Tamagozake (egg and sake)
Tamago-zake contains Japanese sake (alcohol drink) and eggs, and it keeps the body warm. .
2. O-kayu (rice porridge)
O-kayu is the most common "sick food" in Japan. O-kayu is easy to digest and is easy to eat. Add various ingredients, such as vegetables, egg, and meat, depending on your appetite.
3. Shoga-yu (hot ginger drink)
Mix 2 tsp of grated ginger and 2 tsp of sugar in a cup, and pour 2/3 cup of hot water in the cup. Use fresh ginger root to make shogayu.
4. Negi-miso-yu (hot green onion drink)
Put 2 tsp of miso and 1 Tbsp chopped green onion in a soup cup, and pour 2/3 cup of boiled water in the cup. It's hot, so let it cool for a bit.
5. Tori Zosui
Torizosui is a kind of Japanese rice soup. Usually, leftover steamed rice is simmered in dashi soup. Torizosui is a zosui with chicken.
6. Amazake
Amazake is a thick drink which is traditionally made by allowing a mixture of steamed rice and rice koji to ferment.
Senin, 09 Mei 2011
Global Warming
Throughout its long history, Earth has warmed and cooled time and again. Climate has changed when the planet received more or less sunlight due to subtle shifts in its orbit, as the atmosphere or surface changed, or when the Sun’s energy varied. But in the past century, another force has started to influence Earth’s climate: humanity
What is Global Warming?
Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels.
How Does Today’s Warming Compare to Past Climate Change?
Earth has experienced climate change in the past without help from humanity. But the current climatic warming is occurring much more rapidly than past warming events.
Why Do Scientists Think Current Warming Isn’t Natural?
In Earth’s history before the Industrial Revolution, Earth’s climate changed due to natural causes unrelated to human activity. These natural causes are still in play today, but their influence is too small or they occur too slowly to explain the rapid warming seen in recent decades.
How Much More Will Earth Warm?
Models predict that as the world consumes ever more fossil fuel, greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to rise, and Earth’s average surface temperature will rise with them. Based on plausible emission scenarios, average surface temperatures could rise between 2°C and 6°C by the end of the 21st century. Some of this warming will occur even if future greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, because the Earth system has not yet fully adjusted to environmental changes we have already made.
How Will Earth Respond to Warming Temperatures?
The impact of global warming is far greater than just increasing temperatures. Warming modifies rainfall patterns, amplifies coastal erosion, lengthens the growing season in some regions, melts ice caps and glaciers, and alters the ranges of some infectious diseases. Some of these changes are already occurring.
What is Global Warming?
Global warming is the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels.
How Does Today’s Warming Compare to Past Climate Change?
Earth has experienced climate change in the past without help from humanity. But the current climatic warming is occurring much more rapidly than past warming events.
Why Do Scientists Think Current Warming Isn’t Natural?
In Earth’s history before the Industrial Revolution, Earth’s climate changed due to natural causes unrelated to human activity. These natural causes are still in play today, but their influence is too small or they occur too slowly to explain the rapid warming seen in recent decades.
How Much More Will Earth Warm?
Models predict that as the world consumes ever more fossil fuel, greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to rise, and Earth’s average surface temperature will rise with them. Based on plausible emission scenarios, average surface temperatures could rise between 2°C and 6°C by the end of the 21st century. Some of this warming will occur even if future greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, because the Earth system has not yet fully adjusted to environmental changes we have already made.
How Will Earth Respond to Warming Temperatures?
The impact of global warming is far greater than just increasing temperatures. Warming modifies rainfall patterns, amplifies coastal erosion, lengthens the growing season in some regions, melts ice caps and glaciers, and alters the ranges of some infectious diseases. Some of these changes are already occurring.
direct and indirect
Direct and Indirect
• Direct ( Kalimat Langsung )
Adalah Kalimat yang langsung di bacakan atau dikatakan seseorang secara langsung ,dan kata tersebut adalah kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan dengan “that” melainkan dengan menngunakan (tanda baca) koma.
Contoh :
a. Putri said, “ I’m happy.”
b. Cinta said, “ I haven’t a car.”
c. She said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
d. Aprila (phoning from the train), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”
e. Anita says,” The sun rises every morning.”
• Indirect (kalimat tidak langsung)
Adalah kalimat yang dimana seseorang mengatakan atau melaporkan kembali ucapan keorang lain tanpamengubah maksud dan isi dari ucapan tersebut. Kalimat tersebut di hubungkan dengan “that” dan tidak mengubah waktu laporan tersebut.
Contoh :
a. Putri said, that she was sad.
b. Cinta said, that he was haven’t a car.
c. She said, that he had lost his umbrella.
d. Aprila says that he is trying to get a taxi.
e. Anita says that the sun rises every morning.
PERUBAHAN KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT) MENJADI TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT)
A. Kalimat pernyataan (statement) pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect)
Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan ‘that’.
Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila:
1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung
2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut
3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut
4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul
kalimat tidak langsung biasanya diawali dengan verb lampau (past tense). Pada hal ini, verb pada reported sentence harus diganti dengan turun satu level.
• Direct ( Kalimat Langsung )
Adalah Kalimat yang langsung di bacakan atau dikatakan seseorang secara langsung ,dan kata tersebut adalah kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan dengan “that” melainkan dengan menngunakan (tanda baca) koma.
Contoh :
a. Putri said, “ I’m happy.”
b. Cinta said, “ I haven’t a car.”
c. She said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
d. Aprila (phoning from the train), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”
e. Anita says,” The sun rises every morning.”
• Indirect (kalimat tidak langsung)
Adalah kalimat yang dimana seseorang mengatakan atau melaporkan kembali ucapan keorang lain tanpamengubah maksud dan isi dari ucapan tersebut. Kalimat tersebut di hubungkan dengan “that” dan tidak mengubah waktu laporan tersebut.
Contoh :
a. Putri said, that she was sad.
b. Cinta said, that he was haven’t a car.
c. She said, that he had lost his umbrella.
d. Aprila says that he is trying to get a taxi.
e. Anita says that the sun rises every morning.
PERUBAHAN KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT) MENJADI TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT)
A. Kalimat pernyataan (statement) pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect)
Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan ‘that’.
Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila:
1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung
2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut
3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut
4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul
kalimat tidak langsung biasanya diawali dengan verb lampau (past tense). Pada hal ini, verb pada reported sentence harus diganti dengan turun satu level.
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)